Densities and Material Properties
NR/GN/CIV/025 (Rail Bridge Assessments)
Class | Material | Density (kg/m3) | Unit Weight (kN/m3) | Elastic Modulus (kN/mm2) | Poisson Ratio | Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (10-6/K) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metal | Aluminium | 2750 | 26.978 | - | - | - | |
Cast Iron | 7200 | 70.632 | 114 | - | 10.2 | ||
Wrought Iron | 7700 | 75.537 | 190 | 0.3 | 12 | ||
Structural Steel | 7850 | 77.009 | 205 | 0.3 | 12 | ||
Reinforcing Steel | 7850 | 77.009 | 200 | See concrete | |||
Low Relaxation Prestressing Steel | 7850 | 77.009 | 200 for wire and strand to Section 2 and 3 of BS 5896. 165 for alloy bars to BS 4486 and 19-wire strain to BS 4757 Section 3. | See concrete | |||
As-drawn wire and strand for pretressing | 7850 | 77.009 | 200 to BS 5896 175 for 19-wire strain to BS 4757 Section 2. | See concrete | |||
Concrete | Reinforced or Prestress Concrete | 2400 | 23.544 | Short: 20+0.27fcu Long: 0.5 x [20+0.27fcu] | 0.2 | 9.0 to 14.0 refer to Table 4.3 of BD 21/01. Typically 12.0 | |
Mass Concrete | 2300 | 22.563 | Short: 20+0.27fcu Long: 0.5 x [20+0.27fcu] | 0.2 | 9.0 to 14.0 refer to Table 4.3 of BD 21/01. Typically 12.0 | ||
Light Weight Concrete Blocks | 1400 | 13.734 | As for normal weight concrete, but factored by [lightweight density/2300] | 0.2 | 9.0 to 14.0 refer to Table 4.3 of BD 21/01. Typically 12.0 | ||
Masonry | Engineerings Brickwork | 2400 | 23.544 | - | - | - | |
Other Brickwork | 2100 | 20.601 | - | - | - | ||
Granite | 2600 to 2930 | 25.506 to 28.743 | - | - | - | ||
Sandstone | 2200 to 2400 | 21.582 to 23.544 | - | - | - | ||
Timber | Softwoods | 480 to 720, typically 640 | 4.709 to 7.063, typically 6.278 | - | - | - | |
Hardwoods | 640 to 1200 | 6.278 to 11.772 | - | - | - | ||
Jarrah | 840 to 960 | 8.240 to 9.418 | - | - | - | ||
Greenheart | 1040 to 1200 | 10.202 to 11.772 | - | - | - | ||
Fill | Sand (dry) | 1600 | 15.696 | - | - | - | |
Sand (saturated) | 2000 | 19.62 | - | - | - | ||
Hardcore | 1920 | 18.835 | - | - | - | ||
Crushed Slag | 1440 | 14.126 | - | - | - | ||
Packed Stone Rubble | 2240 | 21.974 | - | - | - | ||
Earth (dry, compact) | 1600 | 15.696 | - | - | - | ||
Earth (moist, compact) | 1800 | 17.658 | - | - | - | ||
Puddled Clay | 1920 | 18.835 | - | - | - | ||
Asphalt | 2300 | 22.563 | - | - | - | ||
Macadam | 2560 | 25.114 | - | - | - | ||
Ballast | Typical | 1800 | 17.658 | - | - | - |
CS 454 (Road Bridge Assessments)
Class | Material | Density (kg/m3) | Unit Weight (kN/m3) | Elastic Modulus (kN/mm2) | Poisson Ratio | Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (10-6/K) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metals | Aluminium | 2750 | 26.978 | - | - | 26 | |
Cast iron | 7200 | 70.632 | 90 to 138 (from BD 21/01) | - | 10 | ||
Wrought iron | 7700 | 75.537 | 200 (from BD 21/01) | 0.3 | 12 | ||
Structural Steel | 7850 | 77.009 | 205 (from CS 455 and BS 5400-3) | 0.3 | 12 | ||
Reinforcing Steel | 7850 | 77.009 | 200 (from CS 455) | See concrete | |||
Low Relaxation Prestressing Steel | 7850 | 77.009 | 200 for wire and strand to Section 2 and 3 od BS 5896. 165 for alloy bars to BS 4486 and 19-wire strain to BS 4757 Section 3. | See concrete | |||
As-drawn wire and strand for pretressing | 7850 | 77.009 | 200 to BS 5896 175 for 19-wire strain to BS 4757 Section 2. | See concrete | |||
Concrete | Reinforced concrete | 2400 | 23.544 | Short: 20+0.27fcu Long: 0.5 x [20+0.27fcu] | 0.2 (from CS 455) | 12 | |
Plain concrete | 2300 | 22.563 | Short: 20+0.27fcu Long: 0.5 x [20+0.27fcu] | 0.2 (from CS 455) | 12 | ||
Masonry | Engineering bricks | 2200-2300 | 21.582-22.563 | 4 to 7 | |||
Other solid bricks | 2100 | 20.601 | 4 to 7 | ||||
Granite | 2600-2930 | 25.506-28.743 | 4 to 7 | ||||
Sandstone | 2200-2400 | 21.582-23.544 | 4 to 7 | ||||
Timber | Pine timber | 480-720 | 4.709-7.063 | 3 to 5 | |||
English oak timber | 720-960 | 7.063-9.418 | 3 to 5 | ||||
Greenheart timber | 1040-1200 | 10.202-11.772 | 3 to 5 | ||||
Glued laminated timber | 360-410 | 3.532-4.022 | 3 to 5 | ||||
Surfacing materials | Hot-rolled asphalt | 2300 | 22.563 | - | - | - | |
Bituminous macadam (tar) | 2400 | 23.544 | - | - | - | ||
Bituminous macadam (water-bound) | 2560 | 25.114 | - | - | - | ||
Fill | Sand fill | 1600 (wet) to 2000 (dry) | 15.696 (wet) to 19.620 (dry) | - | - | - | |
Gravel ballast fill | 1600 (wet) to 2100 (dry) | 15.696 (wet) to 20.601 (dry) | - | - | - | ||
Hardcore fill | 1920 | 18.835 | - | - | - | ||
Crushed slag fill | 1440 | 14.126 | - | - | - | ||
Packed stone rubble fill | 2240 | 21.974 | - | - | - | ||
Compact earth fill | 1600 (wet) to 1800 (dry) | 15.696 (wet) to 17.658 (dry) | - | - | - | ||
Puddled clay fill | 1920 | 18.835 | - | - | - | ||
Miscellaneous fill | 2200 | 21.582 | - | - | - | ||
Advanced composites | CFRP plates | 1600 | 15.696 | Varies 150 to 250 | - | 0 | |
GFRP | 1600 | 15.696 | Varies 20 to 50 | - | 0 |